Friday, August 15, 2014

Faith of Our Fathers ~ A Book Review

The Faith of Our Fathers
Being a Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church 
Founded by Our Lord 
Jesus Christ
 By James Cardinal Gibbons
Archbishop of Baltimore



Written in 1876, Faith of Our Fathers is clearly a well-loved classic. Our library has multiple copies from different editions it is so popular in our home, including in eBook format, which is from the ninety-third edition. If it were not for this book landing in our hands, I do not know if my husband or I would be Catholic today. In this book he explains the Catholic Church, its teachings and where they come from in clear, easy to understand language that to this day answers most questions that people would have concerning the Church. In thirty-one chapters he covers so much information in a way that it easily stays with you and challenges your personal convictions to either conform or figure out a solid basis for what you believe.

He is organized, and develops his thoughts well in each chapter which leads directly into the next in such a way that it is difficult to sum up what it is that he had to say without mentioning it all. Needless to say, it is a must read in my opinion for all in Christianity and would do much for the unity of Protestants and Catholics if all were clearly understood as to what the Catholic Church actually is instead of what it is seen to be. To quote Venerable Fulton Sheen:


The chapters begin with four prefaces and an Introduction, having so many editions makes for so many notes- however they are all worthwhile reads. I have to admit that I skipped over them the first time I read the book, I wanted to get right into the meat and potatoes of the book, and that’s exactly what I was rewarded with. The first chapter is one of the most difficult things to understand about Christianity, and that is the concept of the Trinity. This gentleman did not mess around, just dove right in. From the unity found in the Trinity he goes into chapter two on the unity of the church and continues in such a fashion to show where the church comes from, why we can trust and believe her and those in power, the saints, the virgin Mary, sacred art, purgatory, the acts in which the Church has fallen and risen to defend freedom and her people, grace, and each of the sacraments ending in the sacrament of marriage.


If you are looking for a beautifully and powerful book that gives you the solid basis of the Catholic Church from scripture to logic, this is a great book to look into- especially if you are from a protestant background. The beauty of this book is that although it is presented in facts, its purpose is to promote unity. Yes, many have found that this was a starting point they can look back and say, this is when I decided to look into or even join the Catholic Church, but unity for Christian’s is the main theme, and this I love as a former protestant who seeks unity between the pews.

If you would like to read this book, it can be found currently for free as an eBook if you follow this link.

Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI ~ A look at a powerful encyclical letter

Few evils in the world affect the world so much as genocide. There are so many different standpoints from which they begin on. Power. Racism. Wealth. Eugenics. Over-population of areas. Economic failure. All of these to bring forth a simple point, however. That’s the point of convenience. Someone is inconveniencing another through their existence and for whatever reason they are able to convince enough of a population to side with them in wiping them off of the planet. Those responsible are often referred to as monsters. Yet a monster hides in our midst, stealing from us our very dignity as human beings. This monster has captured many who knew the controversy and decided not to believe the horrible truth and the prophetic words of the reigning Pope of the time, many went as far as to decent from the Roman Catholic Church over the issue when an Encyclical was published defending and clarifying the Church’s position.

This monster is contraception, and the Encyclical document to fight it is Humane Vitae, written and published by Pope Paul VI.

Contraception has a very dark history. Planned Parenthood dates it’s beginning to 1916, when three women started their first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NY[i]. Maybe not all of her misgivings and desire for population control were founded in evil; she saw much suffering, over-population in specific areas with parents who couldn’t afford to take care of their children. However it is no secret that Margaret Sanger was a eugenist, and more than simple population control was on her mind.

Along came the 1960’s- a tough period in American history. The cry for “risk free” sex became the cry of much of the generation. No one should have to turn down momentary pleasure for the idea that a life might be created and ruin their future. The pill was on demand, and the church needed to make a stand. Amongst much pressure, Pope Paul VI, thankfully had the strength of character and guts to publish Humanae Vitae.
Pope Paul VI, taking his time in forming a response after the Papal Commission, tactfully, truthfully and scientifically made amazing points, after much deliberation and combing through the document, published it in 1968.[ii]

It is important to note that this document covers the whole of the issue. While it cannot get into every detail, it covers many areas from family life, to family planning (which is not condemned), human dignity, when life begins, the act of creating a life being a co-creating with God. He points out the social consequences of using artificial contraception, the highest of which being murdering of an innocent child you may never even know existed, but he also predicts in ways people scoffed at that it would also aid the numbers of families falling apart. Not taking sex seriously in or outside of marriage would lead to broken homes, children growing up without their biological parents, abuse, rape, emotional instability, rise in STD’s, as well as the loss of dignity in the human person within the act of intercourse which would ultimately lead to the loss of human dignity in all relations- and so many others. All of which, in a very short time, have come to pass, allowing us to view Pope Paul VI as a prophet of his time. In fact, the document goes as far as to state that the acts of using artificial birth control as well as abortion are grave sins.[iii]

He also points out the benefits and consequences of using a natural method of birth control. The worst of which is waiting during periods of fertility when you have good reason to avoid a pregnancy which promotes trust, love, true embracing of all that your spouse is and never using them toward an end in intimacy. Families are strengthen, and if for whatever reason your method of family planning does not work the baby is much more accepted into a loving family as opposed to the child conceived while the parents were on contraception who were not open to life who are more likely than the first couple to choose abortion.
Humanae Vitae encourages medical professionals to further their study of the human body, especially in the area of fertility to better be a steward of our fertility, making responsible choices in regards to when we want to achieve and avoid- and this challenge was taken up by some wonderful Dr’s who learned what was good from the methods of the time and have advanced them to now knowing without doubt when a woman’s fertility is present and when it is not.

One of the best things about Humanae Vitae is the love behind it. The understanding of marital bonding and respect is nothing short of poetic and the kind of love all couples desire on some level. The encouragement to form a good moral conscience is a beautiful encouragement we can also glean.

Yes, contraception is here. Yes, there are many methods that simply do not work that have given Natural Family Planning a poor reputation by our grandmothers. However, this is an evil that we can fight by putting the information lovingly and factually into the hands of those around us. Let’s teach our kids and anyone who will listen to love and respect life, giving every life the dignity that it deserves.

If you have not read Humanae Vitae yourself, I highly suggest it. It is a short Encyclical, will not take very long to read through. It is posted on the Vatican website, or you can simply click here where I have it linked to this page.




[ii] Humanae Vitae, a Generation Later by Smith, Janet E. Washington, D.C. : Catholic University of America Press. 1991 ebook pg. 164

[iii] Birth Control by Zorea, Aharon W. In Health and Medical Issues Today. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. 2012 ebook, page 193

The Interior Castle, Teresa of Avila ~ A Book Review

The Interior Castle is a book among the classics of the Roman Catholic Church. I chose this book to write my final on much as I chose my midterm, to further deepen my own prayer life- and who better to learn from than one of the great mystics?

I did not realize what I was walking into when I opened this book. One hates to criticize the classics- especially a novice like myself- however I found myself thinking repeatedly that some editing would benefit the reader. She seems to repeat over and over how unqualified she is to write such a book and there are several points that she could have gone back over to make some corrections- including a “quote” from sacred scripture itself that she wasn’t sure was a direct quote. However once I got into the book, these minor offenses, which could be due in part to the writing style of the times as well as the book not being originally in English, I was amazed at what I gleaned from her experiences. At the end of the book she states that she is grateful that she obeyed God and wrote it although she did not originally want too- and what a treasure God used her to give to us!  

A summary of the content of the book:

Teresa of Avila claims God spoke to her in a vision of chambers of a person’s soul in relation to prayer. Seven mansions where she begins in the outer court with the person who doesn’t have a prayer life to the innermost mansion where there is complete union with God explaining many of experiences that the mystics had. Through the journey of deepening your prayer life, you are walking from one mansion to another until you arrive at the most beautiful and desired mansion of all- and those who remain in the outer courts cannot see the beauty they are missing. Throughout this journey she explains not only what can be experienced and how your maturity comes forth in prayer in each chamber (or castle), but also what to guard against and how to go about protecting yourself from the devils plans to prevent you from experiencing prayer and communion with God. “The devil is so angry at this that he keeps legions of evil spirits hidden in each room to stop the progress of Christians, whom, being ignorant of this, he entraps in a thousand ways. He cannot so easily deceive souls which dwell nearer to the King as he can beginners still absorbed in the world, immersed in its pleasures, and eager for its honours and distinctions.”

The first mansion is where the person enters into prayer and realizes that there are mansions to be explored, sins to be gotten rid of along the journey, and also that there are many who are so busy or distracted that they do not realize they are even missing something.

The second mansion is the one in which we discern God talking and calling us deeper. All who enter this mansion are in knowledge of this calling, although here they struggle to discern which the voice of God is and which the devil’s distractions are. Whom we associate with becomes more important as they can add to helping us and encouraging us or dragging us down in our mission to continue forward. She notes that we, in fact, will fail and fall, but we need to get back up and keep pushing forward, never coming to a stop in practicing our prayers. “Yet such are the pity and compassion of this Lord of ours, so desirous is He that we should seek Him and enjoy His company, that in one way or another He never ceases calling us to Him. So sweet is His voice, that the poor soul is disconsolate at being unable to follow His bidding at once, and therefore, as I said, suffers more than if it could not hear Him.” She acknowledges that God knows our struggle in time, that it is something that binds us and he loves us through it: “His Majesty is willing to wait for us many a day and even many a year, especially when He sees perseverance and good desires in our hearts.” She notes that we shouldn’t stop living life and preforming needed duties, which we are to continue on and trust God to use those duties to further direct us toward Him. “Prayer is a necessity to prevent us from constantly falling into temptation.”

The third dwelling is where action begins and motive is called out into the light. Listening and discerning God’s voice are beautiful, but action needs to be put into place from the heart of one acting from Love of God and desire to serve, not for recognition. Humility, being key and willingness to give all for Him being our priority. “I have nothing to rely upon but His mercy; as I cannot cancel the past, I have no other remedy but to flee to Him….” “We all say we desire it, but there is need of more than that for the Lord to possess entire dominion over the soul.”

The fourth dwelling is one in which God brings joy to our hearts from our prayers in the supernatural- it is not a joy from this world but a joy to be found only when entering into this state of prayer. A state of prayer where we can sit before God and just listen while He draws us into the arms of His presence and we can rest our souls in Him. It takes time to go through the first three mansions to be rid of the things that hinder us from entering into this chamber. Distractions are to be battled, any remaining “reptiles” (sins) are to be cast off and allow us to remain humble. But in this mansion, if we are able to do this, we receive graces, joys, reconciliation, abandon, and devotion unlike any known to man outside of prayer. We will find happiness, yes, but happiness is only a beginning which can be experienced elsewhere in the human life, this joy goes deeper- and is impossible to describe to someone who has not had the experience themselves. She also warns of the temptations and delusions that often come in this mansion, so that we can better guard ourselves from them.

The fifth mansion is one that finally sounds like true rest and beauty to me. Here we have learned in the past mansions how to discern truth from fiction, wisdom from lies, and can focus on union with God. Teresa of Avila states that there are few who ever make their way into this mansion, but that the joy and graces given find a treasure that is not easily understood. She speaks of an experience that can be likened to almost fainting, where your mind is so focused on understanding that which is beyond its power that you might be considered to have fainted by those around you in bodily form. Some feel when it’s over as if they have slept, and then you must discern if it was truly God speaking with your heart or if the devil is trying to deceive us. However the graces that come far exceed the temptations that come. The effects of this union is that we find ourselves desiring all the more to become like Christ in our hearts, attitudes, actions, and even in suffering and death- we desire to bring God glory and love above all else. She encourages us to follow this desire, giving us practical ways to further discern God’s voice and leading in this union through frequent confession. She warns that we can fall away and leave this mansion if we are not careful and love both God and our neighbors and focus on the real and not fall for the imaginary. She warns that this union is not brought through a checklist or through fear, and encourages her sisters to love each other and promote true charity- for when we love each other and correct each other in love to spur one another to love, we will find ourselves in deeper union with God.

The sixth mansion is where you find yourself longing to always be in communion with God- no longer able to handle the idea that there are people outside of communion with their Creator and/or miss the point of such communion in their striving for perfection over relationship. A beautiful form of indifference is built in this stage of maturity toward both blame and praise as everything is not in perspective of the greatness of God you see yourself more truthfully and don’t take it as personally or prideful. Again she warns of the foothold that the devil will try to implant in the form of fears, sorrow over past sins, physical, mental and emotional limitations and ailments. She spends a great deal of time on various ways God uplifts the soul, the person, and the visions granted as well as more warnings to seek a good confessor who will hold you accountable and help you discern God from what may be a temptation to follow what is not of God.

The seventh and final mansion in this book is the one where your view of suffering changes, your wish is just to serve Christ always and to relate to Him in every way. So close with God are you that you eagerly seek any way you can to serve Him and even die for those He loves. She is at true peace and unity with God, resting and in intersession for brothers and sisters, especially those who find themselves in mortal sin. “The most surprising thing to me is that the sorrow and distress which such souls felt because they could not die and enjoy our Lord’s presence are now exchanged for as fervent a desire of serving Him to be praised, and of helping others to the utmost of their power. Not only have they ceased to long for death, but they wish for a long life and most heavy crosses, if such would bring ever so little honour to our Lord.” Finally we come to the chapter which compares her relationship with God to that of a married couple for us to see the unity that our marriages should point toward God in likeness. “…if we empty ourselves of all that belongs to the creature, depriving ourselves of it for the love of God, that same Lord will fill us with Himself.”

“THE little butterfly has died with the greatest joy at having found rest at last, and now Christ lives in her…. Apparently the words spoken by His Majesty have done their work: ‘that she was to care for His affairs, and He would care for hers.’”


I highly recommend to anyone about to read this book to read through the chapters notes at the begging so it is easy to follow where she is about to take us. This was a very helpful tool for me as I read. Also, if you prefer audio books, here is a link to a free reading you can listen too. I come away from reading this book, excited to evaluate where I might be and what the struggles are that I need to cast off to find myself entering into the next of my seven castles to the total abandon and union with my Creator. 

Saint Maximilian Kolbe - A Poem

"The Patron Saint of our Difficult Century"


Born as Raymond Kolbe in 1895
When he began to pray he soon began to thrive.

“Red or White?” the Lady asks pointing to each rose.
“What do they stand for?” The young boy asks in prayer as his eyes close.

“Ones for martyrdom, the other chastity, which would you prefer?”
The young child prayed fervently, “I’d like them both… yes I’m sure.”

As he grew older he quickly discerned his place.
A Franciscan, a Missionary Priest, who worked at helping people make God a space.

He had such a true devotion to the blessed mother.
He lived fully for God, dedicated through our lady like no other.

After years of working, Father Kolbe returned to Poland, where God thought it time for another test.
It was then that the future saint was taken under the Nazis’ arrest.

To Auschwitz he was brought, where he was forced to work and suffer.
 By his example many who struggled only became tougher.

One day a man escaped and the Nazis staged a plan.
Ten men would die so no one would follow the example of this one young man.

Included in the ten was a man both a husband and a Father.
He cried out in despair that he had a daughter.

Father Kolbe heard and offered to take the young man’s place.
The Nazis accepted and sent them all to Block 13, the torture space.

They were sentenced to death by way of starvation.
But the young saint kept spirits up by leading them in prayer without cessation.

After roughly three weeks only four men remained alive.
It appeared that Kolbe did intend to strive.

The Nazis chose injection to ensure the young priest’s downfall.
It was how he came to leave this world and fulfill God’s final call.

August 14, 1941 – His date of death, his final breath, the day he met Our Father.
Finally at peace with Christ Our King, Mary Our Mother, and with no one who can bring him any bother.

October 10, 1982 – John Paul II declared Father Kolbe both martyr and saint.
He encouraged us to learn of the brave priest who made a sacrifice that would cause many to plaint.

The young man whom the priest saved was present at the declaration.
He praised God loudly and without any vexation.


Saint Kolbe’s feast day remains to be the date on which he died.
He reminds us all that love and peace can be found if you have God by your side.




Sources
“St. Maximilian Kolbe.” Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=370.

“Maximilian Kolbe.” Accessed August 12, 2014.http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Kolbe.html.

“Who Is St. Maximilian?” Accessed August 12, 2014.http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/whostmax.htm.

“Saint Maximilian Kolbe.” Accessed August 12, 2014. http://catholicism.org/maximilian-kolbe.html

A Reflection on "The Jeweler's Shop"


One thing that I have come to realize throughout my previous studying of St. John Paul II is that he has an amazing connection with the people of the church. He is well known for his connection with the youth, and while yes, it is true that he does have this specific connection, his observation of man as a whole, in each stage of life is rather mesmerizing. After reading through the Homily that St. John Paul II delivered in Boston in 1979, I could not get out of my head just how connected he was to all people.

As many know the new saint lived in Poland during the Second World War. He was a gifted student, studying Polish Philology, as well as a gifted actor. Throughout the war the young saint participated in the rhapsodic theater. It was a theater which focused very little on the movement, and highlighted the word. Acting and theater was a career Karol Wojtyla thought seriously about pursuing, until he heard God’s call to the priesthood.

He may not have pursued the theater and the arts as many of his friends had expected him to, but he never quite gave up on them either. Around 1960 Karol Wojtyla wrote and published The Jeweler’s Shop – A Meditation on the Sacrament of Matrimony, Passing on Occasion into Drama. It is a play that encompasses many ideas of the Rhapsodic Theater including “respect for the concrete person, freedom, and the search for community and solidarity.”[1] Many are able to identify that this little play also goes hand in hand with the Holy Father’s later teachings on the Theology of the Body.

So what is the story of The Jewler’s Shop? It is the story of three different couples, the first couple and their engagement. The second couple’s struggles and how they are slowly falling apart from the inside out. The third couple is each a child from one of the previously mentioned relationships who are now moving toward matrimony themselves despite their rather difficult roots. The thing about this play is that it is written so eloquently. It seems as though St. John Paul II pulled from places that he was familiar with, as in the settings, the town square, and the hiking, as well as illustrating struggles and relationships that he would have witnessed himself as a priest.

The First couple, Teresa and Andrew, who John Paul II writes about, is the couple that everyone wishes to be. They’ve slowly fallen in love over time, knowing one another for years. They had been friends for several years, hiking together, and just spending time with their friends. They had simply built a friendship and now they were beginning to work together to create a new family.  There is an innocence and purity to their love, they found one another, despite the distractions and they trusted that they could make it work. Teresa makes it a point to say that she does not know what time Andrew asked her to marry her; she was too caught up looking at him, and taking in the moment, that she didn’t see the world around her, and didn’t look at the clock in the town square. She explains that though she paused, there was no hesitation in her answer; she knew it was yes immediately. The trip to the Jeweler’s shop, and the Jeweler himself cemented her answer.

Look at this first example of love, what do we see? We see purity, respect for one another, and a relationship based in God’s love first.  Despite the smaller hardships and struggles that this couple would have gone through one can see just how perfectly they are made for each other. The space that you visualize when reading the story is, at least for me, a Polish town square, a bell tower, a jeweler’s shop, and surrounding buildings. The Pope it appears pulled from places which he was familiar with when writing this play. This couple continues on to have a son, Christopher, but soon after his birth, Andrew is sent to war where he dies. Teresa raises Christopher on her own, he is lacking the father figure in his life and later on, he comes to wonder how things would have been different and if he would have been more prepared for marriage. The loss of Andrew made me see a parallel between the first couple’s family and the family from which the Pope grew up in, in his case however having lost his mother; he lacked the maternal figure in his life.

The second couple, Anna and Stefan, is a couple going through a rather difficult time in their relationship. They appear to no longer care for one another, and Anna feels as though Stefan has driven her away. She decides that the best way to handle this is to continue to push him farther away, making no attempt at resolving their issues, and causing their children to suffer. Anna regrets her marriage and one night she tries to find a distraction. After much struggle, she comes face to face with the “bridegroom,” who to her chagrin has the face of the man whom she married. She tried to sell her ring, assuming that she would make a small profit from the gold, only to discover that it is not based on the value of the metal, but the weight, and her ring weighs nothing without her husband’s ring. Adam, a friend she meets outside of the shop is her voice of reason. He reminds her of the importance of the vows she made when marrying Stefan, explaining that she cannot just walk away, there needs to be effort in resolving what has become broken and she has to find somewhere to begin.

This second example of love is the one which people fear they will find themselves involved in. It was beautiful and passionate at the beginning, and it has slowly diminished. Neither person has any idea where to begin so that they can resolve their relationship, and so they choose to simply ignore it, allowing much tension and distress to find its way into the household. How many relationships can we imagine that the Holy Father had witnessed slowly starting to fall apart. It’s the mundaneness of everyday life that causes people to get comfortable and fail to make the other feel special in any way. But these difficulties take time and discernment to be resolved; divorce isn’t something that should occur at the whim of an unhappy couple. Effort should be made to try and resolve the difficulty, and as the priest who would be giving the advice, we can only imagine John Paul II as Adam, the voice of reason, who helps Anna try to put her emotions in order and her marriage into perspective.

Christopher and Monica make up the third couple. Christopher comes from the marriage of Teresa and Andrew, cut short by Andrew’s death while away at war. Monica’s family is made up of the broken home of Anna and Stefan’s marriage. Both children have managed to find love in the other, and yet they fear for themselves and their relationship, as well as any children whom they may have. Monica is afraid that Christopher and she will fall out of love, and fall away from one another, as she has seen her mother and father do. Christopher fears that he will not be a proper husband to Monica as he has had very little example of how a man should behave since the loss of his father at such a young age. Still they let their shy love win over. Despite their difficulties and fears, they still care deeply for one another. They visit the Jeweler’s shop and unlike Teresa and Andrew who felt as though the Jeweler read their entire future simply by looking at them, they could not see the greatness of the Jeweler. They were happy, at peace in one another, and saw nothing more in the rings than a visible sign of their commitment to one another.

These fears of Christopher and Monica’s which the Pope so beautifully explains, causes one to yet again see his connection with the youth. Yes, love and marriage, theology of the body, it is all connected, but still this hesitation and struggle which they find themselves facing simply to accept the love of another, who could quite possibly turn around and fail them, is a beautiful meditation. I come from a broken home, for lack of a better term. Yes, we’ve adapted, we aren’t seriously lacking in anyway, and we all have good relationships, but I find it quite easy to place myself in the shoes of Monica specifically. I fear all of the same things, finding someone whom I can love now, and who will love me now, only to turn around years later and fall out of love with me. It’s terrifying, but with God all things are possible. That is where discernment comes in.

The reason I decided to talk about this play is because it is the writings of John Paul II but in a completely different light. Sure there is still theology throughout it, and his Theology of the Body is most definitely present in the way he presents the relationships, reminding us that we are called to mirror the most holy trinity, even throughout the difficult times. But there is also the sheer humanity of the story, the love, the lust, the struggles, the fears, and the hope, which are all present in the story.  Yes, it is minimalistic and solely focused on the words within the tale rather than the actions, that is why reading the script of the play can be so fulfilling.

The story is not something that you need to see laid out before you in order to understand it, rather it is beautifully presented in such a way that simply reading the text allows you to grasp so much from it, you can place yourself in the shoes of each character.  The fact that the Holy Father chose to present a meditation on the sacrament of marriage with a very realistic view of how couples handle the obstacles presented to them is incredible. Sometimes I think that people assume the Catholic church has all of these ideals, and that she refuses to acknowledge the human struggles that actually come up. Saint John Paul II was able to look at these ideals and acknowledge the difficulties that man has in following through with them sometimes, but ultimately he reminds us that if we have God we can get through anything.

If you haven’t read the play I recommend it or you could watch it on YouTube – I will post a link under my resources. J

Resources –
“Karol Wojtyla - the Jeweler's Shop.” Accessed August 10, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHki1shZJB0. (The Link to the Play)
“Peter Casarella - The Proper Weight of Love: What We Can Learn from The Jeweler's Shop?” Accessed August 10, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa6sVkNEDs0. (Lecture on the Play)
John Paul. The Jeweler's Shop: A Meditation On the Sacrament of Matrimony Passing On Occasion Into a Drama. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1992, 1980.



[1] “Karol Wojtyla - the Jeweler's Shop,”, accessed August 10, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHki1shZJB0.

A Treatise on Prayer - A Book Review

Around the time of the Protestant Reformation a man named John Knox had left Scotland due to the ruling of a Catholic Queen. He proceeded to write and preach against the Catholic’s and their “idolatry.” Around the year 1553 Knox published a writing entitled A Treatise on Prayer.

Throughout this discourse he covered many topics that Protestant and Catholics still discuss today. Included in these topics is Prayer as a whole. Knox reminds his readers that to pray successfully we have to be willing to trust God. God knows all things, and through His intercession we can come to have our prayers answered. God takes His time, he knows our desires and wishes to meet us where we stand, but like with Sarah and Elizabeth, He will answer our prayers when He thinks we are ready rather than when we think we are.

Knox continues covering ever so briefly the topic of confession, though not necessarily in so many words. He feels that participating in the visible sacraments contributes to acknowledging the idolatry of the Catholics. He writes that man simply needs to come to God, the creator Himself, with a repentant heart and pray. All one must do is present their sinful heart to God, acknowledging their mistakes and asking God to listen and He will hear the prayer. According to Knox confession as the Catholics do it is unnecessary, we need only go directly to God.

Another topic which the author presents is that of a mediator in prayer – He believes that apart from God himself, the only one to be prayed to is Jesus Christ. “For no man can come to the Father” says Jesus Christ “but by me.” (John 14:6)[1] Knox expands saying that neither saints nor angels can be mediators between man and the Heavenly Father, and should man try to make anyone other than Christ the mediator we “take honor from Him.”[2]

While I acknowledge Knox’s emphasis on prayer to be a wonderful thing, he seems to lose his way in a few different places. Confession for instance is a good example. Yes, God is always listening and waiting for man to communicate through prayer, but when man sins it is his pride that gets in the way of his faith and their dialogue. Man is the one that severs the connection between himself and God. God remains there, waiting for man to return repentant so that they can resume their relationship. God never once turns his back on man, but it is necessary for man to get past his pride and confess his sins. Without that little bout of humility man will continue to return to his sinful ways.

Another thing I found interesting is how drastically different Knox’s view on a mediator between man and God is. Knox believes that only Christ apart from the Father Himself should be the one to be prayed to, otherwise the person praying falls into idolatry. The Catholic Church however teaches at many different times that Mary, the Saints, and even the angels are all mediators between man and God. In the case of Our Lady think about St. Louis de Montfort’s True Devotion to Mary – The way in which true devotion has been explained to me from the beginning is “to Jesus through Mary.”  Quite simply we ask for the Blessed Mother to intercede on our behalf so that we can place our prayers and petitions at the feet of Jesus on the Cross. It is one of the most widely accepted devotions to Mary within the Catholic Church, and it is because Mary acts as a mediator between man and God.

In the case of the Angels and Saints as mediators the proof can be found woven throughout the mass itself. At the high mass, during the incensing of the offerings it is prayed “May the Lord, by the intercession of blessed Michael the Archangel, who standeth at the right side of the altar of incense…”[3]  Later, in every mass, both high and low, it is prayed “We most humbly beseech Thee, Almighty God, to command that these offerings be borne by the hands of Thy holy Angel to Thine altar on high….”[4] If we were not to be praying to the Angels and Saints, it would not be recommend right in the sacrifice of the mass.

The Angels, Saints, and quite specifically Mary are not supposed to cause idolatry. Many Protestants believe that because Catholics pray to all of these extra people we are taking away from our prayer to God. In reality we are respecting the examples that God has set before us, trying to live our lives as many of the saints had, and asking for their intercession on our behalf. They are with God, they understand the struggles that many people have gone through or are going through. By praying to them we can gain a deeper understanding of how they lived their lives and came to reside with God, and we can ask them to talk to God on our behalf. We are not taking away from our prayers to God, rather we are using the instruments He placed before us, through the saints, to draw closer to Him.

I may not have agreed with everything that Knox presented, which makes sense as he is known as a central part of the Protestant Reformation, bringing forward parts of the Calvinist and Presbyterian faiths, but I must admit it was an interesting read. It caused me to reflect on my prayer life. I know I fall, everyone does, but without the examples of the saints, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, St. Therese of Lisieux, St. Francis, St. Augustine, St. Elizabeth Ann Seaton and St. John Paul II, I don’t know that I would ever be able to pick myself up again.

As Knox says it is necessary to have prayer be a central part of your life, but the way he suggests we make that happen does not go hand in hand with how the Catholic Church feels it ought to happen. The Sacraments are a wonderful example of this, they do not lead to idolatry as Knox indicates, rather they lead to a deeper reflection on the mystery of God, and they cause one to dive deeper into prayer. That deepness in prayer is something that Knox was pushing for, but he was also trying to take away the things that help us achieve that level of prayer and faith with God. He felt they were a distraction, and yes, if done improperly (i.e. devotions to saints becoming the worship of saints) they are, but if done well, they lead one to come to know God better and have a beautiful relationship of prayer with Him.

Resources
 Knox, John. A Treatise On Prayer. Presbyterian Heritage Publisher, 1995. Accessed August 12, 2014. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/knox/prayer.


Hunter-Blair, Oswald. “John Knox.” Accessed August 12, 2014.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08680a.htm.

The Roman Catholic Daily Missal, 1962: With Kyriale in Gregorian Notation. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press, 2004.



[1] John Knox, A Treatise On Prayer (Presbyterian Heritage Publisher, 1995), 1, accessed August 12, 2014, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/knox/prayer.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Roman Missal
[4] Ibid.

Wednesday, August 13, 2014

St John of the Cross - The Dark Night of the Soul

The Spiritual Life is one of the most difficult things to write about. Not so much because of its subject matter. After all, we are primordially Spirits in bodies. It is difficult because it needs to be practically experienced.

Someone asked Aristotle: What is a friend?  Aristotle replied, ‘a friend is another self’. In a Christian context this has very profound consequences. Does not God want to be your friend? The book of Psalms describes God as a jealous lover; He wants you to be his friend, to be another Himself (emphasis mine).

The difficulty is not knowing that God wants you to be His friend, or that He loves you, but rather answering the question: ‘Do you truly love God?’ Our Blessed Lord Himself asked St Peter ‘Do you love me?’ Whilst we know the answer St Peter gave, the question should be Christ asking us. Do you love me?

One of the practical applications in learning to love God is to examine closely how to experience love itself. St Augustine when commenting on the Third person of the Blessed Trinity said ‘My love, my weight’. That is, the Holy Spirit is the ‘weighted-ness’ of God.

In examining the notion of love, the old adage goes ‘love makes the whole world go round’. That is, every form is followed by some inclination; love completes knowledge. It is this understanding of love that the Master of Mystical Theology, St John of the Cross explains in ‘The Dark Night of the Soul’.

When reading this majestic poem and its commentary associated with it, the use of the term ‘dark’ is of most interest. In this context it is to show how the Divine Light is just too bright for the soul. In other words, the soul is like the owl in the midday sun. The sunlight is just too bright, so blinding for the soul in its natural power that the soul is really left in the ‘dark’. From this does the soul experience a sense of abandonment; of a type of nakedness as it is being purified from all its imperfections and its attachment to creatures; but the love of God is the soul’s greatest comfort.

What can be seen when reading The Dark Night of the Soul is the brilliance of St John of the Cross as Master of Spiritual Souls. He says that we cannot do this on our own. Only God Himself can do this, and at His discretion. God Himself is the one that gives this experience to those who have that disposition. For whatever is received is received according to the manner of the recipient.

The lesson to be learnt is that we ourselves must be disposed to allow God to work in us. The doctrine of the Indwelling of the blessed Trinity is highlighted throughout. 

Indeed from this side of the grave the highest point any soul can reach is that of ‘Mystical Marriage’, a true spiritual bonding with God having direct action on the soul. Whilst some of the greatest saints in the Church, St Thomas Aquinas, St Catherine of Siena and St Teresa (just to name a few) speak of this, they cannot express what they experience with words. This highlights that it has to be experienced, lived, by the individual soul. St John of the Cross explains that for the soul to reach this, it has to be detached from all creatures. The parallels to the workings of the Holy Spirit are striking. 

Whilst St John of the Cross explains the various stages of the Spiritual Life, in order to answer the question of love you have to read this poem and commentary. Although it is the continuation of the Ascent of Mount Carmel, it does stand on its own. For it will give you the tools not just to enter into the spiritual life, but to practice and experience for yourself God’s workings in you. As many saints have stated ‘I must decrease so that Christ may increase.’

What is also of striking importance is how the purification of the soul in this life is to help us get directly to heaven. Our goal in this life must be to get to the highest place in Heaven. Instead of entering Purgatory at the end of our bodily life we must experience the process of detachment from creatures. We must detach ourselves from our bodily sensual desires. It is imperative to allow ourselves (our soul) to be wholly directed by God, to be purified by his love in this life. This is the true meaning of the dark night of the soul.

As St John of the Cross does say, this process can take many years. Blessed Mother Theresa of Calcutta (or Kolkata) said that she experienced this dark night for over forty-five years of her life. In order for us to be a true friend of God we must be united with him, especially that of His Son, in his suffering on the Cross. The dark night of the soul is this great union, of which the end is that of the Spiritual Marriage in this life and the Beatific Vision in the next.

The Dark Night of the Soul is comprised of two books. The first book deals with the imperfections of the soul in the beginners state. It proceeds to show how in the illuminative stage the soul suffers pains in its lower part, to rid itself of these sensitive attachments. The second book details how the purgation is had in the higher part of the soul. This is the dark night, the spiritual purgation of those who suffer. Souls in Purgatory experience this. The soul that experiences this in this life is on its way directly to Heaven. It finally then leads onto Spiritual Marriage explaining the ten steps of the mystic ladder of Divine love according to St. Bernard and St Thomas. It is describing the steps towards love itself.  

However, words do not give this justice. It must be experienced. A friend is another self. Allow God to be your friend. The Spiritual Life is not easy. It is most difficult. The devil and his minions will always look to attack us. St John however does treat of how to combat the devil. For the devil has no power over God, nor any power over the love God has for us.

The challenge for us is to love God in return. Can we detach ourselves from creatures and purify our sensitive desires? As St John of the Cross famously said: ‘Nada, Nada, Nada, nothing but Lord.’


Do you truly love God?